CHEMISTRY


 * Reviewed by GL**[[image:Check_-_blue.png width="24" height="24"]]

Why is it important?  One alloy is Steel. A great number of things in our every-day house are made of steel. Some examples are knives, forks, spoons, pots and tools.  Why are they important?  There are lots of kinds of plastics that we use for different purposes. Here are some items of the thousands that we see every day: Bottles, cups, plates, clips, bags, toys, tubes, folders… Why are polymers important?  Some natural polymers include the RNA and DNA that are so important in life. It also contains polysaccharides that are important for hair, nails, and a lot of the body. 
 * What’s an Alloy? ** An **alloy** is either an incomplete or complete [|solid solution]  of one or more “metallic” elements. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The alloys mostly have different properties than the elements they are made of. Alloying a metal with another one, or a non-metal, often improve their properties.
 * <span style="color: #244898; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">What are Plastics: ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Plastic is the always-used term for a wide range of synthetic or semi synthetic organic.
 * <span style="color: #244898; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Polymers: ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Polymers **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> are substances that contain a lot of structural units joined by the same type of relation. These substances often form into a chain-like structure. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminum, copper and steel industries combined. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">


 * Reviewed by GL**[[image:Check_-_blue.png width="24" height="24"]]

The discovery was made by researchers at High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Tsukuba. This particle known as X(3872) has been called "mystery meson". <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Japanese team says that to understand its existence, they may have to change the Standard Model, the accepted theory of how the universe is made. But this particle is strange because it does not fit easily into any known particle method, that’s why it has gotten the attention of many people from the world's physics community. Physicists may have to adjust their theory of the colour force; or make X(3872) the first example of a new type of meson that consists of four quarks (two quarks and two antiquarks) and where two or more ordinary particles attach to each other like the way atom stick together to form molecules.
 * [[image:subatomic_image._GO.jpg align="left"]]Scientists found a sub-atomic particle that they can’t explain using the actual theories of matter and energy.**

[] <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Another dating technique that is used a lot is the dating with Potassium-40. Potassium-40 is the isotope of potassium that breaks down into the gas argon-40. Half the life of potassium-40 is 1.3 billion years so using this technique, the dating is more trustworthy if the specimen in older. However, the difference between carbon-14 dating and K-Ar dating is that carbon-14 can be used only in organic materials while this technique can be used only in inorganic materials like rocks and minerals. When potassium-40 in rocks slowly breaks down into argon-40, the gas gets trapped in the rock until the rock gets extremely hot like in a volcano, then it may escape. After some time when the rock cools down, the buildup of argon continues. This method is done like this: First, the reheat the rock and then they measure the gas that escapes. The date that they get after doing that is the last time the object was heated. Common dates tested are the firing of ceramics in archaeology and the setting of rocks used in geology.
 * Pottasium-Argon Dating**

**__<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">LAWRENCIUM __** ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Symbol: Lr ** ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Group: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Rare Earth, Actinides ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Discoverer: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, R.M. Latimer ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Discovery Location: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> At the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory (now called Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) in the University of California. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Discovery Year **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: 1961 ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Origin of the Name: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">It’s named after the inventor of the cyclotron, Ernest O. Lawrence. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Total electron configuration: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d1 ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Atomic Radius: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">pm ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ionization Energy: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1st: 443.8 kJ/mol, 2nd: 1428.0 kJ/mol, 3rd: 2219.1 kJ/mol <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Electron Affinity: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">kJ/mole ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Electronegativity: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1.3 (Pauling) ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Uses: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Since there are only tiny amounts of lawrencium that have been produced, at this time, there’s no uses for it outside of basic scientific research. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sources of Lawrencium: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Produced by bombarding californium-252 with boron nuclei or BK-249 with O-18 nuclei. Few atoms of Lawrencium have ever been produced. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This story begins when Albert Ghiorso was doing some experiments. He was using californium-252 and boron nuclei. As he stood in his lab, his little baby crawled up the chair and distracted him. The baby slipped at moved Albert’s hand, which made a giant chemical reaction to occur. Actually, Albert was concerned more on the elements, rather than his baby but fortunately, nothing had happened to him. Albert checked on the results and he discovered a new element that he named Lawrencium. He was so excited he yelled: “I’m going to be famous!!” The poor baby just looked at him confused!
 * <span style="color: #92d050; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Main Properties **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 103
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** (262.0) amu
 * <span style="color: #92d050; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Periodic Properties **
 * <span style="color: #92d050; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Uses of Lawrencium **
 * <span style="color: #92d050; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Story (fictional) **

<span style="color: #244898; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">